定语从句

限制性定语从句

定义： 复合句中修饰 名词 或 代词 的从句。
结构： 先行词 ➕ 定语从句(关系词…)
关系词： 引导定语从句的词
– 关系代词：who, whom, that, which, whose, as 在定语从句中指代：主/宾/表
– 关系副词：when, where, why 在定语从句中指代：时间状语/地点状语/原因状语

先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的 名词 或 代词。
从句： 由关系词引导的句子。

⚠️注意：关系代词在定语从句中作 宾语 可省略

关系代词

1. which 在从句中作 主语、宾语 或 介词宾语，指物。
2. who 在从句中作 主语和宾语，whom 在从句中作 宾语，都指人。
   ⚠️注意： 在定于从句中紧接着 介词 的只能用 which 和 whom。指人用whom，指物用which。
   介词 ➕ which   指物
   介词 ➕ whom   指人
3. that 在从句中作 主语或宾语 ，指人或物，作 宾语 时 可省略。
4. whose 在定于从句中作 定语，修饰人或物，意为 “……的”。
   • The woman (whose hair is red) is a teacher.
        whose 作 定语，表 “the woman’s”.

whose的从句结构

whose ➕ 名词 = “the ➕ 名词 ➕ of which/whom   或= “of which/whom ➕ the ➕ 名词“

• Please show me the book. Its cover is red.
• Please show me the book (whose) cover is red.
• = Please show me the book (the cover of which) is red.
• = Please show me the book (of which the cover) is red.

as

as指人或物，在从句中作 主语、宾语或表语 ，常用于固定搭配，表示 “和...一样“。

1. such … as
2. so/as … as
3. the same … as

eg:

• Jack is such a man (as can do everything well.)   作主语
• This is the same dictionary (as I lost last week.)   作宾语
• The school is just the same one (as it was 10 years ago.)   作表语

只用that不用which

that 和 which 在指物的情况下一般可以互换，但在下列情况中，一般用 that 而不用 which。

1. 当先行词是 指物的不定代词 时，如 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, the one 等时，只用that。
2. 当先行词被形容词最高级，序数词以及the only, the very, the right, little 等词修饰时，只能用that。
   • This is the most beautiful mountain that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词 既有人也有物时，只能用that。
   • He told us many interesting things and persons that we had.

关系副词

1. when   在…时间

2. where   在/到…地点

3. why   因为…原因

4. when 指：在某时 = 介词 ➕ which

   • I remember that day when I met you.
   • 等于 = I remember that day on which I met you.
   • 先行词为抽象时间：
   • age(年代），occasion（机场会合），interval（间隔），stay（逗留时间）
     • It was an age when we had no smartphones.

5. where 指：在某地 = 介词 ➕ which

   • Wuhan is a beautiful place where I live now.
   • 等于 = Wuhan is a beautiful plave in which I live now.
   • 先行词为抽象地点：
     • job, situation, position, point, stage, case, activity, atmosphere, email, process
     • We came to the situation where we have to make a choice.

6. why指：原因 = for ➕ which

   • He told me the reason why he didn’t attend the metting.
   • 等于 = He told me the reason for which he didn’t attend the metting.

关系副词 = 介词 ➕ which ：介词根据从句的 谓语动词 搭配或 先行词 搭配来决定。

只用 which 不用 that

先行词时物时，一般情况及可以用that也可用which。但下列情况下，只能用which不能用that。

1. 关系代词前有介词时，关系词只能用 which。
   • This is the building (in which he lives.)
2. 引导 非 限制性的定语从句（先行词是物且先行词于关系词用逗号隔开），关系词用 which。

非限制性定语从句

1. 非限制定语从句的特点
   1. 非限制定语从句有逗号隔开
      • eg: His father, who lives in Beijing, writes to him twice a month.
   2. 非限制定语从句的先行词可以是词或句子
      • eg: His father plays mahjong every day 先行词，which makes him unhappy.
        • which = his father plays mahjong ever day
   3. that 不能引导非限制定语从句
   4. why 要用 for which 代替引导非限制定语从句
      • eg: She is ill today, for which she didn't attend the class.
      • 非限制定语从句不用 that/why 而用 which/for which
        • that = which
        • why = for which

which/as 引导非限制定语从句的用法（先行词指句子时）

相同点： 都可以代表整个主句在从句作主语或宾语
⚠️注意： 当先行词时句子时，只能用 as 或 which

区别：

1. 位置
   • as： 主句前/中/后
   • which： 主句后
2. 含义
   • as： 正如
   • which： 这，这件事

as 引导的非限制定语从句可以当作固定搭配

• as is offen the cas， 通常的情况是
• as is known to all， 众所周知 = as we all know
• as is mentioned above， 正如上面所提到的
• as might be epected， 可能如预料的那样

eg：正如上面所提到的，我们有很多问题要解决。
— As is mentioned above, we have many problems to solve.

定语从句中的主谓一致

1. one of the ➕ 名复 ➕ 关系词 ➕ 谓复：…之一
   • This is one of the best books (that have been written.)
2. the only one of the ➕ 名复 ➕ 关系词 ➕ 谓单：…唯一一个
   • This is the only one of the best books (that has been written.)

the way 作先行词

1. 关系词在从句中作 主语或宾语，用关系代词：which/that
2. 关系词在从句中作 状语，用 in which/that/(省略不填)

⚠️注意： 从句还原为：in the way，方法同上。

强调句的判断方法

eg: It is him that you are looking for.

强调句： 去掉 it was … that …,剩余成分完整。

It be ➕ 被强调部分 ➕ that/who/whom ➕ …

1. 去掉 it was … that …，剩余成分 不完整 —————— 定语从句
2. 去掉 it was … that …，剩余成分 完整 —————— 强调句型