完成时

现在完成时

定义

 A.表示一个动作开始于过去，并持续到现在;

eg: I have lived here for three years.

 B.表示发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。

eg: I have just had my breakfast. (现在不饿)

 C.表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；不能和表示 过去的时间状语 连用。

eg:

• They have arrived. (他们已经到了)。 🟰 They are here now.
• They arrived half an hour ago. (不能确定动作的影响。)
  • 他们半小时前来了，只是说明半小时前来这里的事实，并不能说明现在在这里，或许现在已经不在这里了。
• They have arrived half an hour ago (_{一般过去时的时间状语}). ❌

⚠️注意：跟 一段时间 (for ➕ 一段时间) 连用，动词必须是 延续性动词 或 状态动词。

eg:

• The couple have married for 50 years. ❌
• The couple have been married for 50 years. ⭕️

eg：

• The man has died for 3 years. ❌
• The man has been dead for 3 years. ⭕️

同义替换

eg:

• I have left for 10 years. ❌
• I have been away for 10 years.⭕️

延续性动词 ➕ for ➕ 一段时间

⚠️注意： 只有 延续性动词 才能 加 for ➕ 一段时间。

表现形式

主动：have/has done
被动：have/has been done

时间状语

1. 自从……：since ➕ 时间点
2. 持续……（时间）：for ➕ 时间段
3. 到目前为止…：by/until/till/up to now , so far , already , ever , never…
4. 在最近几世纪/年/月/以来：in/over the past/last few days/years/months , during, for the last few centuries , throughtout history , through centuries , these years , lately , recently…

eg:

• Some has broken the window.   (窗户现在时坏的)
• I have already lost the key.   (我现在没有钥匙)
• I haven't read that book yet.   (不了解书的内容)
• I have just cleaned my hands.   (手是干净的)

常与 already（已经），yet（已经；还），just（刚刚），ever（曾经）等词连用。

⚠️注意：already常用于肯定句中；yet常用于否定句，疑问句句尾。

固定句型

1. It/This/That is ➕ the ➕ 序数词/最高级 ➕ n. ➕ that ➕ 主语 ➕ have/has done
   eg:

   • It is the first time that he has apologized to me.
   • It is the first time that I have apologized the moonlight.

2. since&for

   • since ➕ 过去时态的句子/过去的时间点 
     for ➕ 一段时间

     eg:
     • I have been happy since I started to learn English.
       • 自从我开始学习英语之后，我一直很开心。
     • She has lived here since she came to Wuhan.
       • 自从他来到武汉，就一直住这里。
     • I have lived here for five years.
       • 我住在这里已经5年了。

3. 自从...多久了...:   It is / It has been ➕ 一段时间 ➕ since从句（did）

辨析

have/has been to   去过，不过现在已经回来了
have/has gone to   去了，还没回
have/has been in   在某地待了多久（可以和 for ➕ 时间段连用）

eg:

• I have been to Disneyland twice.
• I have already gone to Disneyland.
• I have been in Disneyland for a month.

现在完成时 🆚 一般过去时

My father is a worker now. My father has been a worker for 10 years. He was once in the army for 3 years.

1. 现在完成时：与现在 有 关     对现在有影响；从过去→现在
2. 一般过去时：与现在 无 关     过去的情况

过去完成时

定义

 表示在过去的某一时或动作之前已完成的动作，即 “过去的过去”。

eg:

• When I arrived there, he had left.
• The film had begun when we got to the cinema yesterday.

表现形式

主动：had done
被动：had been done

eg:

• I had finished homework before I went shopping last Sunday.
• Homework had been finish before I went shopping las Sunday.

时间状语

by/until/till/before/up to ➕ 过去的时间

eg:

• He had learned English for 3 years before he came here.
• I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
• We had learned over 2000 English words by the end of last term.

固定句型

1. 表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图：

   • 主语 ➕ had expected/thought/believed/hoped/intended/meant/wanted/supposed/planned
                  期待     认为     相信     希望    打算    打算    想      认为     计划

     eg:
     • I had meant to come, but it rained.
     • I had intended to come to the party, but I was so busy.
2. It/This/That was ➕ the ➕ 序数词/最高级 ➕ n. ➕ that ➕ 主语 ➕ had done
   • It was the first that he had apologized to me.
   • It was the third time that he had make the same mistake.
3. 半倒装：一…就…

   • Hardly/Scarely had ➕ 主语 ➕ done...when...did...
     No sooner had ➕ 主语 ➕ done...than...did...

     eg:
     • I had hardly returned home when I began to memorize new words.
       • 倒装句：Hardly had I returned home when I began to memorize new words.
     • I had no sooner returned home than I began to memorize new words.
       • 倒装句：No sooner had I returned home than I began to memorize new words.

将来完成时

定义

 表示将来某一时间某一动作将会完成，并常对将来的某一时间产生影响。

eg:

• I will have passed the exam by the end of the next year.
• By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.

⚠️注意：一般将来时：将要做 → 打算/计划

表达形式

主动：will have done
被动：will have been done

eg:

• They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2030 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
• By the time he gets to the airport, I think we will have left for London.

时间状语

up to/by/until/till ➕ 将来的时间

eg:

• The committee is discussing the problem right now. Hopefully it will have been solved by the end of next week.
• We will have lent three quarters of the book up to 2025.

⚠️注意：

               一般现在时表将来
By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.
               将来时

现在完成进行时

定义

 过去发生的动作或状况一直 持续 到现在，这个动作可能人在继续进行或刚刚结束。

eg:

• The students have been preparing for the exam.
  • 学生们一直在准备考试。（还在进行）
• We have been living here for ten years.
  • 十年来我们一直住在这儿。（一直住在这里）

表达形式

主语 ➕ have/has ➕ been doing

eg:

• He has been saying that twenty times.
• We have been looking for you for an hour.
• She has been teaching English since she graduated.

现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别

eg:

• He has read the book.
  • 他已经度过那本书。（已读完）
• He has been reading the book.
  • 他一直都在读这本书。（从过去到现在）