状语从句
状语从句的定义
- 状语是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式等。
- 当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，就是状语从句。
时间状语从句
时间状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| when/while/as | when 当…时候 | 从句的 谓语动词 可以是延续性的动词，也可以是瞬时动词 |
| while 在…期间 | 从句的 谓语动作 必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 | |
| as 随着；一边…一边… | 从句的 谓语动词 必须是延续性的；一般用于主句和从句的主语相同的情况 | |
| before/after | before 在…之前 | 表示主句的动作在从句之前发生 |
| after 在…之后 | 表示主句的动作在从句之后发生 | |
| till/until | till/untill 直到… not…until… 直到…才… |
一般情况下两者可以互换，till多用于肯定句，until多用于否定句 |
| as soon as | 一…就… | 表示主句和从句的两个动作接连发生 |
| since | 自从 | 从句用一般过去时，主句现在完成时 |
when
1. 表示主从句的动作同时或先后发生
- When I got there, the tran had left. =before(先后)
- 当我到那的时候，火车已经离开了。
- When I lived there, I made quite a few friends. =while(同时)
- 我住在那里时，交了很多朋友。
2. when 引导的 时间状语从句 中，可以用 延续性动词，也可以 用短暂性动词。
- I will visit my good friend when I arrive. 短暂性动词
- 当我到达时，我将去看望我的朋友。
- Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping. 延续性动词
- 当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。
3. 表示“这时”，属于并列连词。常用句型：
- be doing … when … 正在做某事，这时(突然)…
- be about to do … when … 正要做某事，这时(突然)…
- had done … when … did … 刚做了某事，这时(突然)…
4. when表示“既然”，= since; considering that 不引导时间状语从句
- How can they learn anything when they spend all theirspare time watching television?
- 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了，还能学到什么东西呢？
- How can he succeed when he won't work?
- 既然他不肯工作，那他怎么会成功呢?
while
⚠️注意： 从句动作必须是延续性的。
1. 表示主从句均使用延续性动词 —— 动作 同时发生
- Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.
- 当我正在玩电脑游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。
2. 从句延续，主句 不延续 —— 主句动作在从句动作过程中发生。
- They rushed in while we were discussing problems.
- 但我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。 (讨论过程中…冲进来)
3. while表示“然而”，作并列连词，表示对比、转折的关系。 不引导时间状语从句
- I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports.
as
1. 强调主从句的动作 同时发生，或 一先一后
- As she was dancing, her father was watching TV. 同时发生
- The runners started as the gun went off. 先后发生
2. 表示“随着时间推移”，不能用when、while代替
- As time went by, things seemed to get worse.
- I love more and more each day as time passed.
before
- Two years had passed before we met again.
- It was two years before we met again.
Before引导的从句：表示主句的动作发生在 从句之前
-
- It was ➕ 一段时间 ➕ before从句(did) 过了好久…才…
- It was not ➕ 一段时间 ➕ before从句(did) 没过…就…
-
- It will be ➕ 一段时间 ➕ before从句(dose) 要过好久…才…
- It will not be ➕ 一段时间 ➕ before从句(dose) 过不了多久…就…
before句型
- before I could do… (还没来得及…就…)
- Before I could get in a word, the tailor had measured me.
- before sb. does… (趁还没做…)
- Please write it down before you forget it.
- hadn't done… before sb. did （还没…就…)
- We hadn't run a mile before we felt tired.
- had done…before sb. did… (做了…就…)
- We had sailed four days before we saw land.
after
after引导的从句：表示主句的动作发生在 从句动作之后
- I finished my homework after I had come here.
till/untill
“直到…时“，表示主句动作发生在 从句之前
- 肯定时，用till/untill，表示一个动作一直 持续 到某一个时间，含义：“到…为止”
- I'll stay here until you come back. 与延续性动词连用
- 否定时，只能用until。即not…until…，含义：“知道…才…”
- He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework. 与瞬时性动词连用
not…untill
强调和倒装
- We didn't begin to discuss the problem until he came back.
- It was not ( until he came back ) that we began to discuss the problem.
- Not ( untill he came back ) did we begin to discuss the problem.
since
常用句型
It is/(has been) ➕ 时间段 ➕ since从句 （自从…有多长时间了） 用于 现在完成时
- Twenty years has passed since we first saw each other.
➡ ️ It is/(has been) twenty years since we first saw each other- 自从她大学毕业已经有段时间了。
⚠️注意： 时间状语从句一般用when提问，但是since用how long
- How long have you studied English?
- Since last month.
whenever
⚠️ whenever 意为“每当；任何时候”，可以用every time替换
- Whenever/(Every time) he is not busy, he likes playing football with his friends.
- 每当他不忙的时候，他喜欢和他的朋友们踢足球。
一…就…
- 引导词
-
as soon as, the moment/ second/ minute/ instat, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly…when… , no sooner…than…等
- As soon as I hear my alarm clock, I jump out of my bed.
- The fans cheered loudly the moment their favourite singer appeared on stage.
- I'll inform you immediately there's any change.
-
- 半倒装 用于 过去完成时
-
Hardly/Scarcely had ➕ 主语 ➕ done…when…did…
No sonner had ➕ 主语 ➕ doen…than…did… - I had hardly returned home when I began to memorize new words.
- 倒装句 ➡ Hardly had I returned home when I began to memorize new words.
-
By the time
| By the time 与两种完成时态搭配 | |
|---|---|
| 1. By the time they arrived, we had already left. | Arrived —— had already left |
| 2. By the time ( they arrive), we <will have already left. | Arrive —— will have already left. |
| 从句：过去时间 ，主句：过去完成时 | |
时间状语从句的时态
1. 当主从句都描述 将来发生 的事
- 遵循“主将从现”的原则：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来
- I will call you ( as soon as I arrive in Beijing. )
- 遵循“主情从现”的原则：主句用情态动词，从句用一般现在时表示将来
- You can call me ( as soon as I arrive in Beijing. )
- 遵循“主祈从现”的原则：主句用祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示将来
- Please call me ( as soon as I arrive in Beijing.)
2. 当主从句都描述 过去发生 的事
- 一般过去时 ➕（ when/while ➕ 过去进行时）
- She came into my room ( when/while I was reading a book.)
- 过去进行时 ➕（ when ➕ 过去进行时）
- I was reading a book ( when she came into my room.)
- 过去进行时 ➕（ while ➕ 过去进行时）
- I was reading a book ( while she was cooking.)
条件状语从句
条件状语从句的定义
1. 复合句中表示主句动作发生条件的句子即为条件状语从句
2. 条件状语从句分为 “真实条件句” 和 “非真实条件句”
真实条件句
条件状语从句的引导词
if 如果，假如
unless = if…not 除非，如果不
so/as long so 只要
once 一旦
on condition that 假设
provided that 鉴于
if如果 （主将从现）
if引导的条件状语从句即可以将从句放前面（加逗号与主句隔开）也可以将从句放后面
- If it rains, we will stop playing.
= We will stop playing if it rains.
unless
unless 除非，如果不… ， 非…不可，表强烈否定
- You will fail unless you work hard.
as/so long as 只要
区别
as long as 可用于 肯定句和否定句
so long as 只能用于 否定句
- You can go home as long as you finish you work.
- I will go to visit my aunt as long as the summer holiday starts.
条件状语从句的时态
Anyway，不管主句是什么，从句一定是一般现在时
- 遵循“主将从现”的原则：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来
- I will call you if I arrive in Beijing.
- 遵循“主情从现”的原则：主句用情态动词，从句用一般现在时表示将来
- You can call me if I arrive in Beijing.
- 遵循“主祈从现”的原则：主句用祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示将来
- Please call me if I arrive in Beijing.
让步状语从句
让步状语从句的定义
表示即便出现从句的情况，主句动作仍然会发生 (“有退一步说…”的意思)
- I will try it, although I may fail.
- Though he did not have much money, he was still happy.
让步状语从句的引导词
although/though 虽然/即使
even though/if 即使
as 虽然…
no matter ➕ 疑问词
though & although
表示：虽然/即使…（但是…）
不能与 but 连用，但是可以与 yet，still（副词）等连用
- 尽管他很忙，但是他经常帮助我学英语
- Though/Although he is very busy, yet/still he often helps me with my English. ⭕️
- Though/Although he is very busy, but he often helps me with my English. ❌ 不能与but连用
even though/if
表示：即使…(也…)，even if 强调 假设，even though 强调从句为 事实
- Even if he is poor, she loves him. 强调假设
- Even though he is poor, she loves him. 强调事实
as
表示“虽然”，句子需要半倒装
结构：
- (adj.) + as + 主系 ➕ 主句
- (adv.) + as + 主谓(宾) ➕ 主句
- (n.) + as + 主谓 ➕ 主句
- 动原(v.) + as + 主谓 ➕ 主句
⚠️注意： as前面的名词不能加冠词
not matter + 疑问词 = 疑问词-ever
- No matter what happened, I will stay with you.
= Whatever happened, I will stay with you. 有逗号隔开（不是名词性从句）
| 替换 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| no matter what | = | whatever | 无论什么 |
| no matter who | = | whoever | 无论谁 |
| no matter when | = | whenever | 无论何时 |
| no matter where | = | wherever | 无论何地 |
| no matter which | = | whichever | 无论哪一个 |
| no matter how | = | however | 无论怎样 |
| 只用于让步状语从句 | 名从&状从 | ||
no matter ➕ 疑问词 只引导让步状语从句，不能引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句，而“疑问词➕ever”则可以。
- No matter what you say is of no use now. ❌
- Whatever you say is of no use now. ⭕️
句型：⚠️ 状从名从：
- no matter how/However/How ➕ adj/adv ➕ 主 ➕ 谓
- no matter what/whatever/waht ➕ n ➕ 主 ➕谓语
主将从现
- 条件状语从句：if、unless、as long as
- 时间状语从句：when、while、before、after、as soon as
- 让步状语从句：though、although、as、even if、even though、no matter+疑问词、疑问词-ever
地点状语从句
地点状语从句的定义
说明主句所描述事件发生、存在的地点
地点状语从句的引导词
引导词：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
- Just sit where I can see you.
- Sit wherever you like.
where
“哪里…哪里就…” 或 “…的地方”
- We must camp where we can get water.
- 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。
wherever,anywhere
无论在/到…地方
- You can't camp wherever/anywhere you like these days.
- 如今你可不能随便在哪儿露营。
⚠️注意：wherever = no matter where
where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
where 引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示 地点的名词 作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。
- Govi back where you came from. where引导地点状语从句
- Go back to the village where you came from. where引导定语从句，修饰village
原因状语从句
原因状语从句的引导词
because, since, as,
now that(既然),
seeing/considering that(鉴于… , 就…而论)
because
because引导的原因状语从句通常用于回答 why引出的疑问句，语气最强，该 从句 一般位于主句后面。
- I am late again because there is somethiing wrong with my bike.
易错点
because 和 so 不能在同一个句子中
- Because I was afraid, I didn't go there. ⭕️
- Becasue I was afraid, so I didn't go there. ❌
because/because of的区别：
Because ➕ 从句
Because of ➕ 名词短语
- He is late for school because it rains heavily.
- He is late for school because of the heavy rain.
as
as 引导的原因状语从句多位于 主句之前，通常可以和since换用。
- As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
- 我不认识路，因而问警察
since
since引导的原因状语从句多位与 主句之前
- Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
now(that)
now(that)引导的 原因状语从句，表示“既然”
- Now(that) you have passed your test you can drive on your own.
- 你既已考试合格，就可以独自开车了
seeing(that)
seeing(that) “鉴于；由于”，通常用于非正式文体
- Seeing(that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.
引导词辨析
| 位置 | 内涵 | 语气 | 能否回答why | 能否被强调 | 能否引导表语从句 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| because 因为 | 主句前后均可 | 直接因果关系 | 强 | 能 | 能 | 能 |
| as 由于 | 主句前后均可 | 双方都知道的原因 | 弱 | 不能 | 不能 | 不能 |
| (now that)/since 既然 | 主句前 |
结果状语从句
结果状语从句的定义
表示事态结果的状语从句
- It was very cold, so that the river froze.
结果状语从句的引导词
so...that或such...that... 如此...以至于...
1. such 是 形容词 ➕ 名词 或名词词组
- She is such a lovely girl that I can't forget her.
2. so 是 副词 ➕ 形容词或副词
- She is so lovely a girl that I can't forget he.
3. so ➕ 表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little
- I have so much homework that I have to stay up.
结果状语从句的结构
- so ➕ adj ➕ that从句
- It was so cold outside that we had to stay at home.
- so ➕ adv ➕ that从句
- Tom ran so fast that he won first place.
- so ➕ many/much/few/little ➕ 名词 ➕ that 从句
- There was soadv much work to do that Mary got tired.
- such ➕ a/an ➕ 形容词 ➕ 名词(单) ➕ that从句
- It was suchadj a cold day that we had to stop the game.
- ⚠️注意：
so...that可以用在 单数 可数名词前- so ➕ 形容词 ➕ a ➕ 名词 ➕ that
= such ➕ a ➕ 形容词 ➕ 名词 ➕ that- She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her.
- She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her.
- so ➕ 形容词 ➕ a ➕ 名词 ➕ that
⚠️注意： so ➕ adj./ such ➕ n. 放句首，句子部分倒装
- Flash works so fast that he runs a plate in a few minutes.
- So fastadv. does Flash work that…
- Flash is so skilled an officer that he can run a plate in a few minutes.
- So skilledadj an officer is Flash that…
目的状语从句
目的状语从句的引导词
so that (以便), that
in order that (为了；以便)
for fear that; in case; lest (以免)
in the hope that, for the purpose that
so that
表示“为了；以便”
- We turned on the light so that we could see it clear.
- 我们把灯打开，以便看清楚它
so ➕ adj./adv.↘️
be/情/助 ➕ 主语 ➕ 其他
such ➕ n. ↗️
so that 表“为了，以便”时，引导 目的 状语从句 = in order that
表“以至于”时，引导 结果 状语从句 = so/such…that
- He got up early so that he could take the first bus.
= He got up early in order that he could take the first bus. （目的状语从句） - He got up late so that he was late for school. （结果状语从句）
目的状语从句的简化
当主从句的 主语一致 时，目的状语从句简化为目的状语：
- so that ➡️ so as (not) to do 不能位于句首
- that ➡️ (not) to do
- in order that ➡️ in order (not) to do
方式状语从句
方式状语从句的引导词
as, like: 正如，就像
as if, as though: 仿佛
the way 以…方式
- The officer forced Judy to do as he said.
- Love like you have never been hurt.
- He looks (as if) / (as though) he is an actor.
- Do it the way you were taught.
比较状语从句
比较状语从句的引导词
as…as… （和…一样）
not so/as…as… （和…不一样）
than （比）
the ➕ adj./adv. ，…the ➕ adj./adv.比较级（越…越…）
A is to B what X is to Y. (A与B关系，如同X与Y)
as…as
和…一样的… : as ➕ adj./adv.原级 ➕as ,
as ➕ adj. ➕ a/an ➕ 可数名词单数 ➕ as
不如… : not as ➕ adj./adv.原级 ➕as ,
not as ➕ adj. ➕ a/an ➕ 可数名词单数 ➕ as
- He is as tall as his brother is (tall).
- She is as clever a child as my sister.
not so…as
否定句中句型结构变为：not so…as
- He doesn't run so/as fast as Jack (does).
- He can't run so fast as she (can).
比较级……than
adj./adv.比较急 than ➕ 被比较的对象 比……更
- He moves more slowly than his sister does.
- The weather in Wuhhan is better than that of Beijing.
no ➕ 比较级 ➕ than
同... 不一样...
- Tom is no more hardworking than Peter.
- 汤姆和彼得一样不刻苦
not ➕ 比较级 ➕ than
不如...(前者不如后者)
- Jack is not more diligent than John.
- 杰克不如约翰勤奋
句型
越…越… ： the ➕ adj./adv.比较级，
…the ➕ adj./adjv.比较级
- The more you eat, the fatter you will be.
倍数 ➕ 比较级
…times倍 ➕形容词/副词 的比较级 ➕ than ……
- Line AB is three times longer than line CD.
- 线段AB是（线段）CD的三倍长
倍数 ➕ as…as
…time ➕ as ➕ 形容词/副词的 原级 ➕ as …..
- This table is three times as long as that one.
- 这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长
倍数 ➕ 量词 ➕ of…
…times ➕ the ➕ 名词(size, height, weight, length, width…) ➕ of…
- The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
- 地球的体积是月球的49倍