非谓语动词2

非谓语动词

考查重点：

动词不定式；
动名词；
分词（现在分词和过去分词）。

非谓语动词指 不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。

动词不定式：构成：to + 动词原形
          作用：作除谓语外的任何成分
            
分词：构成：v-.ing/v.-ed(规则动词)
     作用：表、定、状、补
            
动名词：构成：v.-ing
       作用：主、宾、表、定

不定式

动词不定式的结构：（被动在to前面加上not）

	主动	被动
一般式	to write	to be written
完成式	to have written	to have been written
进行式	to be writing

作主语

1.不定式作主语常表示：具体某一次的动作

To finsish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

2.常用it作形式主语。常用句型有：

①It＋be＋n.＋to do sth
- It is my honor to invite you to the party.
②It takes/ took sb＋some time＋to do sth 做某事花费某人多长时间
It is +adj.+for/of sb.+(not)to do sth.意为＂＂。
- It took me 3 hours to finish the work.
③It＋be＋adj.＋for sb＋to do sth 做某事对某人来说是……
形容词：easy, difficult, hard, important, possible...
It＋be＋adj.＋of sb＋to do sth 做某事对某人来说是……
形容词常是表示心理品质、性格特征的形容词：kind, nice, stupid, clever, foolish, polite, impolite, silly, selfish, considerate, careless, honest, lazy, wise
- It’s hard for me to give a apeech.
- It is good of you to offer me help.

作表语

不定式作表语常表示具体某一次的动作
主语+系动词+ to do

Her job is to clean the call.

作宾语

1.动词+to do：

常见的此类动词有:afford(付得起)，agree(同意)，aim(力求做到)，appear(显得)，arrange(安排)，ask(要求)，attempt(试图)，care(想要)，choose(决定)，claim(声称)，decide(决定)，demand(要求)，determine(决心)，pretend(假装)，want(想要)，expect/hope/wish(希望)，refuse(拒绝)，plan(计划)，promise(承诺)，manage(设想)...
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
I don’t expect to meet you here.
⚠️注意： 如果不定式后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语后置，放在宾语补足语后面。
- He found it important to study a foreign language.

2.动词+it+adj.+to do sth.

常见的此类动词有：Think, feel, consider, find, guess, judge, make
⚠️注意： it作形式宾语, 而真正的宾语是后面的to do不定式。

3.动词＋疑问词＋不定式

常见的此类动词有：decide，know，consider，forget，learn，remember，show，understand，see，wonder，hear，find out，explain，tell等。
I can’t decide what to eat.
I don’t know what to do.
I don’t know how to do the homework.

4.介词＋疑问词＋不定式

He gave us some advice on how (to learn English.)

作宾补

1.动词+sb/ sth +to do

常见的此类动词有：want，wish，ask，tell，order，beg，permit，help，advise，persuade，allow，prepare，cause，force，invite，consider，call on，wait for等。
Father does not allow us to play on the street.

2.使役动词和感官动词后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语，须省略to。

主：let/make/have sb./sth. ➕ do 使…做
被：be let/made/had ➕ to do 被迫去做…
主：see/watch(看)/notice(注意)/observe(观察)/feel(感觉)/hear(听) ➕ sb./sth. ➕ do 强调全过程
被：be seen/watched/noticed/felt/heard/observed ➕ to do

作定语

动词不定式作宾语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。

1.动词不定式放在 名词、代词 后作定语，两者之间常有逻辑上的 动宾关系，即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受者；如果不定式中的动词是 不及物动词，后面应该加上相应的介词。

I have a lote of things to do.
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

2.若名词前有序数词、最高级或no, all, only等修饰，后面一般用不定式作定语。

He was the last one to leave shcool yesterday.

3.常接不定式作定语的名词有：time, need, way, chance, opportunity, courage, reason, effort, determination, decision ,ability, ambition

Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.

作状语

1.表示目的，可以放在句末，也可以放在句首。

He worked day and night to get the money.
⚠️注意： 不定式作目的状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致
To save money, every means has been tried.❌
To save money, he has tried every means. ⭕️

2.表示意料之外的结果，常放在 never/only等词后。结果状语

He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.

3.表示原因，常放在形容词后面。

I am sorry to tell you that…很抱歉告诉你…
I am delighted to know that…很高兴知道…
They were very sad to hear the news.

4.表示程度：常用结构是 adj/ adv +too…to do…(太…而不能…)，
adj/ adv +enough to do…(足够…)

It’s too dark for us to see anything.

作插入语

To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

to be brief 简单地说	to conclude总之
to be sure 的确；当然	to sum up 总之
to be frank with you 坦白地对你说	to speak candidly坦率地说
to be fair 说句公道话；公平而论	to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
to be honest/ truthful诚实地说	to make/cut a long story short简单的说
to tell/say/speak the truth 坦白地说	to put it mildly说得委婉些
to begin with 首先	to put it briefly 简而言之
to start/ begin with首先	to put it another way换个说法

不定式的省略

1.不定式中动词的省略：保留to省略to后的动词。

If you don’t want to do it，you don’t need to(do it).

2.不定式符号to的省略：两个并列的不定式，第二个to可省略。

He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.

3.不定式中动词的省略：省略实义动词do后的to。

动词不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词 do 的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。
- The last thing I want to do is hurt you. But it’s still on the list
  - 我真不想伤害你，但你也别逼我。

4. except,but后跟不定式时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式，不用to,否则要带to

There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but enjoy the flowing of the smog around me.
⚠️注意： 在下列结构中to为介词，后接动词时要用动名词

look forward to(期待) be/get/become used to(习惯) 
stick to(坚持) devote...to...(奉献) object to(反对)             ➕doing
lead to(导致) prefer...to...(喜欢...胜过...) belong to(属于...)

The couple has been used to living in the south.

动名词

动名词的构成：
动名词是由＂动词+-ing＂构成，和现在分词形式一样，兼有动词和名词的特点。

动名词结构（被动在前面加上not）

	主动	被动
一般时	(not) writing	(not) being written
完成时	(not) having written（先发生）	(not) having been written（后发生）

作主语

1.动名词作主语常表示一般的动作

Reading aloud is very helpful.

2. ⚠️注意： 当动名词短语作主语时常it作形式主语，句型结构有：

It is / was + no use/good+ doing sth. 做…无用
It is / was + not any use/ good+ doing sth. 做…无用
It is / was + of little use/ good + doing sth. 做…无用
It is / was +worth + doing sth. …值得被…
It is/was nice meeting you.
- 很高兴见到你

作表语

表示 经常性的动作 放在系动词后面作表语
结构：主语+系动词+ doing

In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.

作宾语

1. 动词+doing 以下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：

常见的此类动词有：enjoy，finish，suggest，avoid(避免)，excuse，delay，imagine，keep，miss，consider，admit(承认)，deny(否认)，mind，permit，forbid，practise，risk(冒险)，appreciate(感激)，be busy，be worth，feel like，can’t stand，can’t help(情不自禁地)，think of，dream of，be fond of，prevent…(from)，keep…from，stop…(from)，protect…from，set about，be engaged in，spend…(in)，succeed in，be/get used to(习惯于)，look forward to，object to，pay attention to，insist on，look forward to，be used to，have fun，give up，put off，pay attention to，have difficulty (in)，insist on，lead to，devote…to， object to

2. 动词+doing或动词+sb/ sth +to do

Advise, consider, allow, permit, forbid

3. 介词+doing

We have to prevent the air form being polluted.

4. ⚠️注意 动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it。

We found it no good making fun of others.

作定语

动名词作定语表示的是被修饰的事物的性质或用途。

He bought a ticket for a sleeping berth for his vacation.

复合结构

动名词前面带上自己的逻辑主语便构成了动名词的复合结构。其逻辑主语一般由物主代词、名词所有格来充当。在口语中，物主代词和名词所有格可分别由人称代词的宾格和名词的普通格代替。

作宾语
- Do you mind my/me opening the door?
- I can’t imagine Mary’s/Mary marrying such a young man.
动名词作宾语
- His/Tom’s being late made the teacher angry.

动名词的特殊用法

love, like + to do 喜欢做…(某一次)
love, like + doing 喜欢做…(经常)
Prefer doing to doing ：喜欢…胜过…
prefer to do rather than do ：喜欢…胜过…
Forget + to do 忘记要去做
Forget + doing 忘记做过
Remember + to do 记得要去做
Remember + doing 记得做过
Regret+ to do 遗憾要去做
Regret + doing 后悔做过
Stop + to do 停下正在做的事，开始做另一事
Stop + doing 停止做某事（停止正在做的事）
Try + to do 努力做某事
Try + doing 试着做某事
Mean + to do打算做…
Mean + doing 意味着…
Continue/ go on + to do （做完了一件事）开始做另一件事
Continue/ go on + doing .继续做同一件事情
Need/ want / require + doing …需要被…
=Need/ want / require + to be done …
deserve+ doing …值得被…
= deserve+ to be done …
be worth+ doing …值得被…

分词

现在分词和过去分词的构成
现在分词由v.+ing
过去分词v.+ed(规则动词)

现在分词和过去分词的区别：

1. 语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动

Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.

2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成
boiling water 正在沸腾的水（表正在进行）
boiled water 开水（表完成）
developing countries 发展中国家
developed countries 发达国家
a disappointing look 一个令人失望的表情
a disappointed look 一个失望的表情

⚠️注意： 修饰人的表情、脸色、情感等要用v-ed.

With a disappointed look on his face, he looked very sad.

作定语

现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前：如果是短语，就放在被修饰的名调之后。

1. 现在分词表示正在进行，有主动的含义。

前置定语
- He is a promising young man.
- Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child.

2. 过去分词表示已经完成，有被动的含义。

后置定语
- The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.

3. 分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。

Those (~~who~~ wish to join the club) should sign here.
Those (wishing to join this club) should sign here.

4. 当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前：如果是 过去分词 短语，则放在名词的后面。过去分词短语作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.

5. 过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动&完成，或只表完成。

the question (discussed yesterday)_done
昨天讨论的问题（即表示被动也表示完成）

作表语

1. 放在系动词后作表语（形容词）

They were frighted at the sad sight.
The present situation is inspiring.
⚠️注意： be＋doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词作表语，它们的区别在于be＋doing表示 进行的动作 是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

2. be＋过去分词，如果表示状态是 系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。

The window is broken. 窗户破了。（系表结构）
The window was broken by the boy. （被动语态）

作宾补

1. 现在分词 作宾语补足语 强调动作正在进行，常见动词：see，watch，hear，feel，find，notice，observe，listen to，look at，catch，leave，get，have，keep…

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?
He kept the car waiting at the gate.

2. 过去分词 作宾语补足语表示 被动和完成，或无时间性：感官动词see，watch，hear，feel，find，notice，observe，listen to，look at和使役动词have，make，get等。

I hear the song sung several times last wekk.
He had his luggage checked an hour before his plane left.

作状语

通常表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对主语的主要动作加以修饰。

表示原因
- Being a League member, he is always helping others.
- Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
表示时间
- (While) Working in the factory, he was an advance worker.
- Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
表示条件
- Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
- Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better.
表示让步
- Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
- Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
表示伴随
- He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
- Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
表示结果 意料之中的结果 ➡️ doing作为结果状语
- He dropped the glass, breaking it iinto pieces.
表示目的
- he went swimming the other day.

with复合结构

	sb. /sth. doing	表示主动且进行，或表示特征
with	sth. done	表示被动且完成，或表示状态
	sth. to do	表示将来

1. with + 名词 / 代词 + 名词

The brave man fought the tiger with a stick his only weapon.
He was carried into the hospital, with his face a mass of bleeding flesh.

2. with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词

The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.
He was asleep with his head on his arms.
Family dependants, when ill, enjoy free medical treatment, with medicines at half price.

3. with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词

He went out with his hat on.
The square looks more beautiful than ever with her lights on.

4. with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词

Don’t speak with your mouth full.
The once lowly serfs now walk with heads high.

5. with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词

With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains.
With everyone surrounding us we can certainly succeed.
She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.

6. with + 名词 / 代词 + -ed分词

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
He died with his life’s work still unfinished.
With his matter settled, we left the room.

7. with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式

They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do most of the work.
This was a severe test, with innumerable difficulties to be overcome.
With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.

Make + sb./sth. +do     让…做…
                + done  让… 被做
Let + sb./sth. + do       让…做…
               + be done  让… 被做
Get + sb./sth. + to do   让…做…
               + doing   让…做…
               + done    让… 被做
Have + sb./sth. + do    让…做…
               + doing  让…持续做…
               + doing  让…持续做…
Leave + sb. to do      留下某人去做某事
      +sb./sth. doing  让某人/某物一直做某事
      +sth. to be done 留下某事要做
      +sth. undone     留下某事未做
Keep  + sb./sth. doing 让某人/某物一直做某事
      +sb./sth done    让某人/某物被… (表示被动且完成/表示状态)
Find  +sb./sth. doing    发现某人/某物正在做...
      +sb./sth done      发现某人/某物已经…  (表示完成/ 状态)
      +sb./ sth. (to be) 发现某人/某物…
Catch +sb. doing    撞见某人正在做...

独立主格结构

独立主格结构从语法上来讲 不是句子，在句中通常 作状语。具有以下特点：
(1)独立主格结构的 逻辑主语 与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；
(2)独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末

	不定式	表示动作未发生
逻辑主语	v.ing形式	表示主动、进行
	过去分词	表示被动、完成

1. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词及其短语

The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.

2. 名词 / 代词 + -ed分词及其短语

Good-bye said, we went home.
All things considered, it is a good plan.

3. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词及其短语

The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.
Dinner ready, the hostess asked her guests to be seated.

4. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式及其短语

The money to be paid by the driver, the police went away.
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.

5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词及其短语

The meeting (being) over, we left the room.

6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词及其短语

She stood there, book in hand.
Everybody at home, we sat down to dinner.